Who gets the urban surplus?
研究城市高生产率产生的经济剩余如何在工人和土地所有者之间分配，发现劳动力在生产率与住房需求上的异质性会显著降低土地所有者获得的剩余份额，对城市基础设施和便利设施的价值评估有启示。
High productivity in cities creates an economic surplus relative to other areas. How is this divided between workers and landowners? Simple models with homogenous labour suggest that it accrues largely—or entirely—in the form of land rents. This article shows that heterogeneity of labour in two main dimensions (productivity differentials and housing demands) radically changes this result. Even a modest amount of heterogeneity can drive the land share of surplus down to two-thirds or lower, as high productivity and/or low housing demand individuals receive large utility gains. It follows that land value appreciation understates the value of urban amenities and infrastructure. In a system of cities the sorting of workers across cities means that, while total rent is highest, the rent share of surplus is lowest in the largest and most productive cities.