Unreal Wages? Real Income and Economic Growth in England, 1260–1850
通过年度雇佣工资而非日工资构建收入序列，修正了中世纪和工业革命时期的劳动收入估计，发现现代经济增长始于更早的“勤勉革命”，且当前劳动份额下降在历史波动范围内。
Abstract Estimates of historical workers’ annual incomes suffer from the fundamental problem that they are inferred from day wage rates without knowing how many days of work day-labourers undertook per year. We circumvent the problem by building an income series based on the payments made to workers employed by the year rather than by the day. Our data suggest that earlier annual income estimates based on day wages overestimate medieval labour incomes but underestimate labour incomes during the Industrial Revolution. Our revised estimates indicate that modern economic growth began more than two centuries earlier than commonly thought and was driven by an ‘Industrious Revolution’. They also suggest that the current global downturn in labour's share is not exceptional but fits within the range of historical fluctuations.