Overeducation in Europe: trends, convergence, and drivers
利用28个欧盟国家12至15年的季度劳动力调查数据，研究了过度教育的跨国模式，发现过度教育并非普遍快速上升，约半数国家保持稳定或下降，且存在每年3.3%的趋同趋势，并探讨了女性参与、劳动力市场灵活性和教育供给等影响因素。
Overeducation describes the situation whereby workers are located in jobs for which they are deemed overqualified. This paper examines patterns in overeducation between countries using a specifically designed panel data set constructed from the quarterly Labour Force Surveys of 28 EU countries over a 12- to 15-year period. It is not the case that overeducation has been rising rapidly over time in all countries, and where overeducation has grown, the trend has been very gradual. Furthermore, overeducation rates were found to be static or falling in approximately 50% of the 28 EU countries. The evidence points towards convergence in overeducation at a rate of 3.3% per annum. In terms of the determinants of overeducation we find evidence to support policies aimed at improving effective female participation, labour market flexibility and the practical aspects of educational provision as a means of reducing the incidence of overeducation within countries.