Who Will Fight? The All-Volunteer Army after 9/11
研究发现，随着伊拉克和阿富汗战争推进，美军现役士兵中白人和高收入社区出身者比例上升，且更常选择战斗岗位；白人和西班牙裔士兵以及高收入社区出身士兵的部署和战斗受伤率相对更高，表明全志愿兵役制并未迫使非白人和低社会经济地位男性不成比例地参战。
Who fought the War on Terror? We find that as the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan progressed, there was an increase in the fraction of active-duty Army enlistees who were white or from high-income neighborhoods and that these two groups selected combat occupations more often. Among men, we find an increase in deployment and combat injuries for white and Hispanic soldiers relative to black soldiers and for soldiers from high-income neighborhoods relative to those from low-income neighborhoods. This finding suggests that an all-volunteer force does not compel a disproportionate number of non-white and low socio-economic men to fight America's wars.