Average and Marginal Returns to Upper Secondary Schooling in Indonesia
利用半参数选择模型和地理差异，估计了印度尼西亚高中教育的平均和边际回报，发现回报率因个体而异，边际学生的回报显著低于平均学生。
Summary This paper estimates average and marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a semiparametric selection model. Identification of the model is given by geographic variation in access to upper secondary schools. We find that the return to upper secondary schooling varies widely across individuals: it can be as high as 50% per year of schooling for those very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as low as −10% for those very unlikely to do so. Average returns for the student at the margin are substantial, but they are also well below those for the average student attending upper secondary schooling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.