Competing Identities: A Field Study of In‐group Bias Among Professional Evaluators
利用马术盛装舞步比赛数据，发现裁判对本国运动员及同场其他裁判国籍的运动员存在显著内群体偏见，且偏见随群体身份凸显性增强。
I use data from the Olympic sport of dressage to explore in‐group biases among judges. Dressage – the only international sport with subjective performance evaluations in which men and women compete as equals – provides a rare opportunity to identify multiple in‐group biases in the same naturally occurring setting. While, on average, judges are not biased in favour of either gender, they exhibit substantial biases in favour of (i) athletes of their own nationality, and (ii) athletes of the same nationality as the other judges in the competition. Heterogeneity across competitions suggests that biases increase as group identity becomes more salient.