Heterogeneous Scarring Effects of Full-Year Nonemployment
利用社保行政数据，发现经历长期无就业的个体收入损失高达35-40%，且低收入和高收入者损失最大；但10年后仍就业者损失仅8-10%，低收入者的损失几乎完全由就业不足导致。
Drawing on administrative data from the Social Security Administration, we find that individuals that go through a long period of non-employment suffer large and long-term earnings losses (around 35-40 percent) compared to individuals with similar age and previous earnings histories. Importantly, these differences depend on past earnings, and are largest at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution. Focusing on workers that are employed 10 years after a period of long-term non-employment, we find much smaller earnings losses (8-10 percent). Furthermore, the large earnings losses of low-income individuals are almost entirely due to employment effects.