Is School the Best Route to Skills? Returns to Vocational School and Vocational Skills in Egypt
利用埃及男性工资工人的兄弟姐妹比较数据，发现正规职业中学教育的回报与未受教育相当，而校外技能（如学徒制）的回报显著更高。
This paper tests the assumption that formal education is the best route to job skills. The returns to formal vocational secondary schooling are compared to the returns to acquiring skills outside the education system, such as undertaking an apprenticeship, for male wage workers in Egypt. A unique longitudinal dataset with information on schooling and skills allows for causal inference about returns by comparing siblings. For recent cohorts, the estimated returns to formal vocational secondary education are the same as attaining no formal education. However, the returns to skills obtained outside of formal education are substantial.