European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770–1900
研究了1770至1900年间塞内加尔、冈比亚和西马里地区人力资本的发展，发现欧洲贸易、奴隶制和早期殖民主义对人力资本形成的影响因地区而异，大西洋奴隶贸易加剧了沿海与内陆的差距，19世纪中叶的花生贸易进一步扩大了区域经济不平等。
We trace the development of human capital in today's Senegal, Gambia, and Western Mali between 1770 and 1900. European trade, slavery, and early colonialism were linked to human capital formation, but this connection appears to have been heterogeneous. The contact with the Atlantic slave trade increased regional divergence, as the coast of Senegambia developed more quickly than inner areas. This pattern was affected by French early colonialism and by the reaction of different West African populations to the economic incentives provided by foreign demand for agricultural products. The peanut trade since the mid-nineteenth century further amplified regional economic inequalities.