Lifespans of the European Elite, 800–1800
分析了115,650名欧洲贵族在800至1800年间的成年死亡年龄，发现寿命在1800年和工业革命前就已开始增长，尤其在1400年和1650年左右显著增加，且西北欧的寿命早于1000年就已高于其他地区。
I analyze the adult age at death of 115,650 European nobles from 800 to 1800. Longevity began increasing long before 1800 and the Industrial Revolution, with marked increases around 1400 and again around 1650. Declines in violent deaths from battle contributed to some of this increase, but the majority must reflect other changes in individual behavior. There are historic spatial contours to European elite mortality; Northwest Europe achieved greater adult lifespans than the rest of Europe even by 1000 ad .