Alcohol Availability, Prenatal Conditions, and Long-Term Economic Outcomes
研究一项持续8.5个月的酒精可得性增加政策对胎儿期暴露者成年后劳动生产率的影响，发现其劳动市场、教育及认知非认知能力均显著下降，且男性受影响更大。
This study examines how a policy that sharply increased alcohol availability during 8.5 months affected the labor productivity of those exposed to it in utero. Compared to the surrounding cohorts, the prenatally exposed children have substantially worse labor market and educational outcomes and lower cognitive and noncognitive ability. Effects on earnings are found throughout the distribution but are largest below the median. Males are more affected than females, consistent with growing evidence that boys are less resilient to early environmental insults. The long-term effects seem primarily driven by changes in prenatal health rather than changes in the childhood environment.