Interviewer Effects and the Measurement of Financial Literacy
研究访员是否影响金融素养调查的回答，利用德国财富调查数据发现访员效应解释了金融素养得分的大部分方差，且其组内相关性高于其他变量，并探讨如何通过考虑访员效应改进金融素养对金融行为影响的估计。
Abstract In this paper, we ask whether interviewers influence the answers to a standard set of survey questions on financial literacy. We study data from Germany's wealth survey, the Panel on Household Finances (PHF). We have access to extensive auxiliary data, including interviewer identifiers, background characteristics of interviewers and measures of interviewer activity through the survey. We find that interviewer effects explain a significant fraction of the variance of the financial literacy score, and intra-interviewer correlations are notably larger for the financial literacy score than for other survey variables. We explore how accounting for interviewer effects can improve estimates of the effects of financial literacy on financial behaviours and outcomes.