Unobserved heterogeneity and censoring in the demand for health care
利用西班牙家庭面板数据，估计了基于Grossman模型的私人医疗服务需求方程，发现忽略数据截断和未观测异质性会显著影响估计结果，且西班牙医疗支出税收减免与收入和生育率正相关。
In this paper we estimate a demand for private medical services equation based on the tradition of Grossman's model of demand for health using data for a panel of Spanish households. The econometric specification accounts for the censored nature of the data, which arises from no participation and infrequency of purchases, and the existence of unobserved heterogeneity, which arises from the non-observability of health states. Our evidence suggests that ignoring these features can have a significant impact on the size, sign and significance of the model estimates. The estimates for the participation and consumption processes also suggest that the deduction of expenditures on health care currently applicable in the Spanish tax system are positively associated to income and fertility.