Development built on crony capitalism? The case of Dangote Cement
本文批评丹格特水泥成为尼日利亚水泥制造业主导者的过程，指出奥巴桑乔总统因1970年代政策不可持续而转向与丹格特结盟，通过后向整合计划使丹格特敢于投资资本密集型水泥生产，最终使尼日利亚实现水泥自给自足。
This paper critiques the emergence of Dangote Cement as the dominant player in cement manufacturing in Nigeria. It argues that the changed economic environment General Obasanjo met when he became president of Nigeria for a second time in 1999 made it difficult for him to continue the nationalisation policies and the expansion of government involvement in several spheres of economic activity that he helped to promote in the 1970s. The realisation that this strategy, which created numerous crony capitalists, was unsustainable resulted in Obasanjo allying with Dangote and promulgating the Backward Integration Programme (BIP) for the local cement industry. This made it possible for Dangote to risk aggressive investment in the capital-intensive cement production business. This strategy achieved public good by rapidly making Nigeria, an oil rent- and import-dependent economy with enormous limestone reserves, self-sufficient in cement production.