Who Loses when Prices are Negotiated? An Analysis of the New Car Market
研究发现新车交易中相同车型的最终成交价存在巨大且持久的差异，人口特征至少解释了20%的价格波动；老年消费者谈判表现更差，且女性比男性受年龄影响更大，最弱势群体（老年女性）的市场参与率最低。
We establish that there are large and persistent differences in final transaction prices for identical new cars, and that demographic characteristics explain at least 20% of the observed variation. Older consumers perform progressively worse in negotiations, and the age premium is greater for women than for men. Our results suggest that the complex nature of vehicle transactions leads to price dispersion in this market, and that the worst performing groups—older women—have the lowest rates of market participation. We conjecture that the results are driven by the sharp increases in women's education and labor force participation in recent decades.