The Production Life Cycle
构建了一个一般均衡模型，研究离岸外包、学习和工资三种力量如何相互作用，推动生产碎片化随时间演变，揭示生产遵循一个从出现、深化到收敛的生命周期。
Abstract Tasks in production have different dynamics from individuals products. We build a general equilibrium model where three forces (i.e., offshoring, learning, and wage) interact to determine how production fragmentation evolves over time. We show that the production process follows a life cycle: its fragmentation emerges, deepens, and converges. Our model is stylized and versatile, and it can be used to tractably characterize the loci of global output, productivity, welfare, and value‐added distribution as production fragmentation progresses.