Management of Reported and Forecast EPS, Investor Responses, and Research Implications
研究发现美国分析师关注的公司普遍管理报告和预测的每股收益，且管理程度随股价上升而增加；投资者能识别这些管理行为并相应调整，研究者需注意由此产生的偏差。
We document substantial management of reported and forecast earnings per share (EPS) for analyst-followed U.S. firms, with the extent of management increasing with share price. Managers smooth the volatility of reported EPS by using accruals to offset cash flow shocks. Smoother EPS is easier to forecast, resulting in smaller forecast errors. Managers also differentially guide forecasts to improve accuracy. Whereas unmanaged forecast errors are much larger for high-price firms, they are compressed to the point their magnitudes resemble those for low-price firms. Managers also guide analyst forecasts to generate patterns of forecast walkdowns that again vary with share price. Given the remarkable level of management implied by our results, we conduct additional robustness analyses. The strongest evidence is observed in stock price responses: investors recognize efforts to manage reported and forecast EPS and adjust accordingly. We highlight potential biases caused by researchers being unaware of managerial efforts and investor responses, and offer ways to mitigate those biases. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2832 . This paper was accepted by Shivaram Rajgopal, accounting.