Bend Them but Don't Break Them: Passionate Workers, Skeptical Managers, and Decision Making in Organizations
研究了知识型组织中管理者怀疑态度对员工激励和决策质量的双刃剑效应，发现适度怀疑能缓解道德风险和逆向选择，但过度或不足都会破坏激励。
This paper explores the useful but delicate role of managerial skepticism in hierarchical knowledge-based organizations. In these settings, the decision-maker principal seeks advice from managers, who instruct expert frontline workers to acquire information. Given unverifiable information quality and private-valued agents, moral hazard and adverse selection arise with workers and managers, respectively. Pairing extremely passionate workers with moderately skeptical managers alleviates both problems; however, the degree of managerial skepticism must be finely tuned: too little skepticism fails to improve workers' incentives, while too much skepticism destroys workers' incentives altogether. Case studies from the high-tech industry support these insights.