Crossing the Chasm and Over the Abyss: Perspectives on Organizational Failure
提出一个整合性框架，将组织失败分为简单失败、复杂失败和灾难性失败三个层次，并构建类似古特曼量表的升级模型，分析其成因与关联，为组织管理提供诊断思路。
In this paper, we present an integrative perspective on organizational failure by conceptualizing three levels of failure—organizational learning processes (which can give rise to simple failures), organizational planning processes (which can give rise to complex failures), and strategic capacity for organizational agility (which can give rise to catastrophic failures)—as a Guttman-like model of escalating dysfunctions. Simple failures are the result of learning deficiencies stemming from single-loop decision making and weak learning competencies. Complex failures are caused by structural rigidities and intelligence pathologies. Catastrophic failures are a result of weak knowledge inclusiveness and weak organizational platforms, which occur from a downward spiral of events stemming from simple and complex failures. Areas for further study are suggested.