Geography, land inequality and regional numeracy in Europe in historical perspective
研究了1900年前后欧洲300多个地区的地理因素与计算能力的关系，发现土地分配不平等通过抑制教育激励，是解释区域发展差异的重要机制。
Abstract We find a relationship between geographic factors and numeracy in more than 300 regions of Europe around the year 1900. We argue that the distribution of land ownership is a plausible mechanism, given that it is related to the geographic factors under study. Consistent with theoretical studies in the Unified Growth Theory framework, we find that inequality in land distribution has a negative correlation with human capital formation as landowners did not have incentives to promote educational institutions or were not willing to pay the necessary taxes. This study explains a substantial share of the differences in development gradients between rural European regions in a historical perspective.