Agglomeration by export destination: evidence from Spain
利用西班牙出口商的空间数据，发现出口商在空间上按出口目的地集聚，且目的地制度差、语言和货币不同时集聚更明显，表明集聚对进入困难的市场更有价值。
We use a dataset of Spanish exporters with rich spatial information to document the existence of agglomeration economies by export destination. More specifically, we show that, for a large set of export destinations, exporters are geographically too close to be the result of a random outcome. We also analyze the variables that explain the cross-destination heterogeneity in agglomeration. We find that firms selling to countries with worse institutions, a dissimilar language and a different currency are significantly more agglomerated. These results suggest that the value provided by agglomeration is higher concerning destinations where entry is more difficult.