Determining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers
基于1998-2013年西班牙制造业企业数据，研究了开放式创新策略和知识溢出对创新绩效的影响，发现与大学、供应商及外部研发咨询的合作有正向作用，而客户和竞争对手合作不显著；非自愿知识溢出仅对产品创新有正向影响。
Determining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers. Regional Studies. This paper examines the influence of open-innovation strategies and knowledge spillovers on innovative performance on a large sample of Spanish manufacturing firms during 1998–2013. Although most open-innovation strategies positively influence innovation, some differences are found depending on the search innovative strategy: technological collaboration with universities, providers, and external research and development (R&D) advice have a positive effect, while collaborations with customers and competitors are not significant. Finally, the paper confirms the positive effects of involuntary knowledge spillovers only for product innovation and of R&D neighbours in the same sector; and the negative effect of R&D neighbours in other sectors.