Creaming and parking in marketized employment services: An Anglo-German comparison
通过英德两国就业服务的案例，研究市场化（即资助方引入价格竞争）如何导致服务提供者“挑肥拣瘦”（只服务容易就业的客户）和“搁置不理”（忽视难就业客户），并比较营利与非营利机构的差异。
The delivery of public services by nonprofit and for-profit providers alters the nature of services and jobs, often in unintended and undesired ways. We argue that these effects depend on the degree to which the service is ‘marketized’, that is, subjected by the funder to price-based competition. Using case studies of British and German employment services, this article scrutinizes the link between funding practices and service quality. Of particular concern in marketized employment services is the problem of ‘creaming and parking’, in which providers select job-ready clients for services and neglect clients more distant from the labour market. We explore three questions. What are the mechanisms through which marketization produces creaming and parking? What are the differences between these mechanisms in commercial and non-commercial service providers? Which national institutions might serve as a buffer for the landscape of service provision facing price-based competition?