Transnational Indian Business in the Twentieth Century
本文追踪二十世纪印度移民与投资如何共同推动跨国商业从东南亚、非洲扩展到欧美和西亚，并聚焦银行、钻石业、Birla集团及百大富豪的跨国联系，揭示1991年经济自由化前奠定印度企业全球化的基础。
This article argues that migration and investment from India moved in tandem to chart the evolution of transnational Indian business in the twentieth century, first toward Southeast Asia and Africa and later toward the United States, Europe, and West Asia. With a focus on the banking and diamond sectors, the overseas investment project of the Aditya Birla Group, and the transnational linkages of India's one hundred richest business leaders, the article locates important events, policies, and actors before economic liberalization in 1991 that laid the foundation for subsequent globalization of Indian firms.