How Do Intelligent Goods Shape Closed-Loop Systems?
从工业生态视角，讨论智能商品如何通过信息利用提升闭环系统的可持续性，并识别出三种闭环系统原型，对研究循环经济和商业模式的学者有参考价值。
Disruptive technologies can increase the intelligence of goods and revitalize business models in the circular economy. Applying an industrial ecology perspective, this article discusses how intelligent goods can boost the sustainability of industrial ecosystems. North American and European cases highlight how business model innovators can utilize goods-related information to develop more competitive closed-loop systems. The authors identify three archetypes of closed-loop systems—inner circles, decentralized systems, and open systems—and delineate how they leverage information resources for collaboration. This study advances the understanding of closed-loop systems in the circular economy, which is more dependent than ever on digital platforms.