Multinational mining companies, employment and knowledge transfer: Chile and Norway from ca. 1870 to 1940
比较1870-1940年智利和挪威跨国矿业公司的就业模式，发现智利排斥本地人担任管理职位阻碍知识转移，而挪威通过本地人参与管理和跳槽促进了知识流动。
This article compares employment at multinational mining companies in Chile and Norway from ca. 1870 to 1940. I find that multinationals in Chile recruited foreigners to managing and middle-management positions, while Norwegian workers were heavily involved in management of multinationals in Norway. The exclusion of Chileans encouraged enclave tendencies and prevented knowledge transfer, while strong networks were created between multinationals and the local industry in Norway through job switching. Evidence suggests that local workers were employed if they were qualified and that discrepancies in institutions stimulating capacity building in the two countries largely explain the different employment patterns.