Wage assimilation of immigrants and internal migrants: the role of linguistic distance
研究了意大利外国移民和内部迁移者的工资同化过程，发现外国移民初始工资比本地居民低约8%，且差距随时间扩大，语言距离和职业分割是主要原因。
This paper investigates the wage assimilation of foreign immigrants and internal migrants in Italy, comparing them with stayers. Control for the selection in out-migration is performed using a new duration version of the Heckman correction and by taking into account both return migration and moves to other destinations. Internal migrants experience only minor wage differences when compared with stayers. By contrast, foreign immigrants earn about 8% less than stayers and internal migrants at the beginning of their careers, and the wage gap increases over time. Both language distance and job segmentation contribute to immigrants’ lack of wage assimilation.