The determinants of whistleblowing in public administrations: an analysis conducted in Italian health organizations, universities, and municipalities
研究了意大利公共行政中鼓励举报行为的变量，发现大型机构、正式程序和程序化组织更促进举报，而培训教育仅部分相关。
The aim of this paper is to examine which variables are most important in encouraging whistleblowing in Italian public administrations, as a result of the compulsory application of the anti-corruption Law No. 190/2012. Our research is based on an empirical analysis of 365 public administrations: 86 hospitals, 137 health agencies, 39 universities, and 103 major Italian municipalities.The results show that whistleblowing seems to occur more frequently in large public administrations, to be associated with formal procedures and an organizational proceduralization that encourages individuals to actually blow the whistle, and that it is only partially correlated to training and education.