Technical self-sufficiency, pricing independence: a Penrosean perspective on China’s emergence as a major oil refiner since the 1960s
本文运用彭罗斯理论，分析中国自1960年代追求能源技术自给，虽提升初级产能，但因现代化对复杂石化产品需求增加，反而加深对国际石油公司技术依赖并削弱定价独立。
International embargos and the withdrawal of Soviet technical expertise had by the early 1960s effectively engrained China’s approach to energy and technical self-sufficiency. Chinese officials cited reasons similar to those advanced by Edith Penrose in her critique of the international oil companies’ (IOC’s) investments. Drawing on Penrose’s approach, this article shows that although self-sufficiency led to significant progress in primary capacity, self-sufficiency had to be reconciled with increasing demand for more complex petrochemicals. Modernisation increased China’s reliance on the IOC’s technology and reduced pricing independence, confirming a historical regularity in the market imperfections underpinning the power of the IOCs.