Enabling or constraining? Unraveling the influence of organizational slack on innovation
提出权变视角，分析组织冗余对开发式创新和探索式创新的不同影响，发现吸收性冗余与非吸收性冗余与创新的关系存在差异，并受组织搜索模式和股东监督的调节。对37家日本制药企业20年新产品开发数据的实证分析支持了该观点。
We employ theories of organizational search and agency costs to propose a contingency perspective that reconciles mutually contradictory prior findings on the relationship between organizational slack and innovation. First, we argue that influences of organizational slack depend on whether we consider exploitative innovation or exploratory innovation. Further, absorbed slack and unabsorbed slack differ in their forms of relationship with innovation. The ways in which a certain type of innovation is enabled by organizational slack are conditioned by distinct modes of organizational search associated with alternative types of innovation, as well as by the extent to which effective shareholder monitoring is disturbed by different types of organizational slack. An empirical analysis of 37 Japanese pharmaceutical firms’ new product developments over a 20-year period supports our argument.