Female babies and risk-aversion: Causal evidence from hospital wards
利用儿科医院超声数据及胎儿性别信息的外生冲击，发现生女儿的父母比生儿子的父母风险规避程度几乎翻倍，该效应在纵向与横截面数据、父母双方、胎儿与新生儿、西欧与东欧国家中均成立。
Using ultrasound scan data from paediatric hospitals, and the exogenous 'shock' of learning the gender of an unborn baby, the paper documents the first causal evidence that offspring gender affects adult risk-aversion. On a standard Holt-Laury criterion, parents of daughters, whether unborn or recently born, become almost twice as risk-averse as parents of sons. The study demonstrates this in longitudinal and cross-sectional data, for fathers and mothers, for babies in the womb and new-born children, and in a West European nation and East European nation. These findings may eventually aid our understanding of risky health behaviors and gender inequalities.