Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark
利用丹麦行政数据，研究孩子对劳动力市场性别不平等的影响，发现孩子导致约20%的长期性别收入差距，且这一差距在过去三四十年来显著增大，并存在代际传递。
Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these “child penalties” in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.