‘Women’s work penalty’ in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe
研究欧洲27国数据发现，女性主导行业和岗位的男女员工获取工作日程控制权均更差，且这种“女性工作惩罚”在欧洲各地普遍存在，挑战了女性更易获得灵活安排的假设。
Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers’ access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This ‘women’s work penalty’ in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces.