Squabbling Sisters: Multinational Companies and Middle East Oil Prices
研究了二战后中东石油定价体系的历史形成，分析了跨国石油公司（七姐妹）内部因垂直整合、市场优先和全球竞争产生的分歧，以及边缘公司如何推动波斯湾原油新价格均衡。
This article examines the historical emergence of the Middle East oil-pricing system. The collapse of the Gulf-plus system, combined with outstanding discoveries of new reservoirs across the Arabian Peninsula and Persia, awoke latent competitive forces within the oligopolistic oil industry. After World War II, business differences regarding vertical integration, market priorities, and global competition worsened existing fractures among the multinational oil companies generally referred to as “the seven sisters.” The conclusions underscore the role of the “fringe” companies Texaco, Standard of California–Chevron, and Gulf Oil in prompting new price equilibriums for Persian Gulf crude oil.