Exclusion of women and organisational characteristics: Swedish mutual health insurance 1901–1910
研究了1901-1910年瑞典互助健康保险中排斥女性的组织特征，发现排斥女性的协会在控制疾病索赔方面不如性别混合的协会成功。
Mutual societies have been recognised for their ability to mitigate information asymmetry. Although successful in reducing sickness claims, the exclusion of women was common. Health insurance societies argued the exclusion was a means to reduce adverse selection and moral hazard since women were regarded as higher risk. In this paper, we explore differences in organisational characteristics between societies that excluded and societies that did not exclude women as members between 1901 to 1910. Based on panel data, the study shows that societies that excluded women were less successful in keeping down sickness claims, in relation to benefits, than gendermixed societies