Age at Arrival and Assimilation During the Age of Mass Migration
利用与1940年美国人口普查关联的新数据集，研究发现大规模移民时代中，童年时期在欧洲度过更长时间会导致成年后与本土出生者的工资差距更大，而婴儿期到达者反而有工资优势。
We estimate the effect of age at arrival for immigrant outcomes with a new dataset of arrivals linked to the 1940 U.S. Census. Using within-family variation, we find that arriving at an older age, or having more childhood exposure to the European environment, led to a more negative wage gap relative to the native born. Infant arrivals had a positive wage gap relative to natives, in contrast to a negative gap for teenage arrivals. Therefore, a key determinant of immigrant outcomes during the Age of Mass Migration was the country of residence during critical periods of childhood development.