Biometric technology for voter identification: The experience in Ghana
研究了加纳在2012年大选中首次使用生物识别技术进行选民身份识别和验证失败的原因，发现技术效果不仅取决于技术本身，还依赖于实时网络连接和人员培训。
Our study examines how and why Ghana's first attempt to use biometric technology for voter identification and verification in its 2012 general elections failed. We employ activity theory as the analytical lens and interpretive case study as the methodology. Our findings show that the effectiveness of biometric technology to provide reliable identification does not depend solely on its technical qualities but also on real-time connectivity between registration centres and an electronic national register. Furthermore, the electoral officials need to be trained intensively to operate the machines and given guidance on how to handle situations when breakdowns occur. While biometric technology does introduce powerful capabilities, it is just one piece of a complex human activity system.