Clientelism, Contagious Voting and Governance
用政党与大量选民间的庇护关系解释欠富裕国家治理质量低下，发现客户选民的策略性投票具有传染性，导致政府努力不足且更易连任，而政治宣传竞争反而强化这一结果。
This paper explains inferior quality of governance in less affluent countries in terms of a patron–client relationship between political parties and a large section of voters. The client voters resort to strategic voting, which is shown to be contagious, leading to suboptimal effort choice by the incumbent government and a higher probability for the incumbent to remain in power. The possibility of competition between the incumbent and the opposition, in terms of expenditure on political propaganda, actually helps the incumbent and reinforces these results.