Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study
基于制度理论，利用世界经济论坛和世界银行等六项数据源，研究了国家层面的正式与非正式制度如何影响私营部门对繁文缛节的感知，发现联邦制、保守意识形态、腐败、个人主义及不确定性规避文化会加剧繁文缛节感知。
Firms across the globe are affected by red tape, but there is little academic research on how country‐level institutions shape red tape perceptions. Drawing on institutional theory, we argue that a variety of formal and informal country‐level institutions affect perceptions of red tape in the private sector. We test our hypotheses using six data sources, including the World Economic Forum and the World Bank. Our results indicate that red tape is weakly associated with a country's level of formalization and rule enforcement effectiveness and more prevalent in federal as opposed to unitary states. As for informal institutions, we find that red tape perceptions are more pronounced in countries with an increased conservative political ideology, higher levels of corruption, and cultures that emphasize individualism and uncertainty avoidance. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for theory and practice.