With or Without Spirit: Implications for Scholarship and Leadership
探讨自然主义和唯物主义假设如何限制管理研究与实践，并提出从多种宗教传统中开放探索信仰可以拓展研究、提升实践，对领导力研究有启示。
This is the first paper in the symposium Faith in Management Scholarship and Practice. In this role it lays out how a set of naturalistic and materialistic assumptions can be limiting for scholarship and practices related to management and organizations, and how the open exploration of faith from a variety of religious traditions can expand research and enhance practice. Challenging predominant secular assumptions, the article discusses an alternative spiritual perspective that includes the implications for these assumptions: 1) Humans are both material and immaterial in nature and, thus, have inherent value beyond instrumental value; 2) humans are influenced, but not wholly constrained, by their material nature and, thus, are capable of radical change; and 3) humans have the capability to transcend self-interest and, thus, can choose to serve others' interests. Examples from leadership research illustrate how contrasting secular and spiritual assumptions have been and can be worked out in scholarship and practice. The article concludes by describing the symposium's approach of demonstrating interfaith dialogue and offers an introduction to and reflections on the subsequent four papers.