Can appreciation be expansionary? Evidence from the euro area
研究了1999至2016年间欧元区国家实际有效汇率升值的影响，发现升值通过贸易条件效应产生扩张作用，在多数国家超过支出转换的紧缩效应。
SUMMARYWe identify exogenous effects of shifts in effective exchange rates for euro area (EA) countries between 1999 and 2016. The identification strategy is based on an external instrument built on the assumption that movements in the euro nominal effective exchange rate are largely exogenous for individual EA countries once we control for EA aggregates. We find that a real appreciation creates a trade-off between expenditure switching (contractionary) and terms of trade (expansionary) effects, with the latter prevailing in most countries. We also find some heterogeneity in the way movements in the euro exchange rate are transmitted within the EA, in particular between ‘core’ and ‘peripheral’ countries, although differences are mostly not statistically significant.