Wages, Human Capital, and Barriers to Structural Transformation
研究了13个从富国到穷国的数据，发现农业部门平均工资显著低于其他部门，且农业劳动力教育水平较低、明瑟收益率较低，据此测算出劳动力从农业转出的障碍比宏观发展文献认为的要小。
We document for 13 countries ranging from rich (Canada, United States) to poor (India, Indonesia) that average wages are considerably lower in agriculture than in the other sectors. Moreover, agriculture has less educated workers and lower Mincer returns. We view these findings through the lens of a multi-sector model in which workers differ in observed and unobserved characteristics and sectors differ in their human-capital intensities. We derive expressions for the implied barriers to the reallocation of labor out of agriculture. We find that in our sample these barriers are considerably smaller than what the macro-development literature has argued.