Innovation at the middle of the pyramid: State policy, market segmentation, and the Chinese automotive sector
研究新兴市场汽车行业中低、中、高端市场如何影响企业能力建设与升级，指出中端市场是关键路径，而国家政策可能无意中限制其发展。
While emerging markets are widely seen as a favorable environment for cost innovation, the existing literature has difficulty explaining why in some cases cost innovation provides a solid foundation for upgrading but in other cases it does not. This paper focuses on how different market segments (low-, medium-, and high-end) within an industrial sector each play a unique role in the development process, and how the absence of any segment may inhibit the upward trajectory of emerging market firms. The low-end offers new entrants "natural" protection from foreign firms with higher cost structures, and allows local firms to cultivate their capabilities, engage in cost innovation, and gain scale. The high-end is dominated by foreign firms that have better access to human resources, capital and technology. The middle segment is a crucial pathway for the development of new capabilities because it forces foreign and local firms to combine and re-combine their respective resources in new ways so as to achieve the exact ratio of price and quality demanded by "value for money" customers. Because market segmentation is shaped by a range of state policies that affect both the demand- and the supply-side, the state may inadvertently restrict the growth of segments that contribute crucial ingredients to the process of capability-building, and adversely affect upgrading outcomes.