Alternative Sources of the Gains from International Trade: Variety, Creative Destruction, and Markups
梳理了国际贸易收益的三种现代来源：进口新品种、创造性破坏（高效企业扩张、低效企业退出）以及跨国竞争降低加成率，并提供了美国等国的估算。
The modern theory of international trade identifies several additional sources of the gains from international trade beyond the gains from traditional comparative advantage. These are the gains from importing new product varieties; the gains from “creative destruction” as the relatively most productive firms expand their output by exporting while the less-productive firms exit; and the gains from competition between firms in different countries, which can lead to reduced markups. Estimates of these various gains are provided for the United States and other countries.