Has Forest Certification Reduced Forest Degradation in Sweden?
研究利用瑞典官方森林清查数据和认证信息，评估非工业私有林主的森林认证对森林退化的因果效应，发现认证未能改善环境指标，建议加强标准与执法。
This paper estimates the effects of certification of nonindustrial private forest owners on forest degradation in Sweden—one of the countries with the largest total area of certified forests. We rely on official forest inventory data, information on certification status, and impact evaluation methods to identify the causal effect of certification on three key environmental outcomes. We find that certification has not halted forest degradation in that it has not improved any of the environmental outcomes. Moreover, for forest certification to have an effect, the standards should be tightened and the monitoring and enforcement of forest certification schemes strengthened. <i></i>