The geography of family differences and intergenerational mobility
研究发现家庭特征在地区间差异很大，模拟表明这些差异能解释机会平等项目所记录的大部分代际收入流动性地区差异，且迁移家庭与不迁移家庭的特征差异显著，质疑了基于迁移者分析的因果推断的外部有效性。
A series of studies by the Equality of Opportunity Project has documented substantial geographical differences in intergenerational income mobility. These spatial differences are important because they suggest that place matters more than previously thought in determining economic well-being. In this paper, we show that family characteristics vary widely across areas and simulations indicate that differences these family characteristics can explain a substantial share of the variation in intergenerational income mobility across places documented by the Equality of the Opportunity Project. Additionally, we show that the characteristics of families that move differ substantially from families that do not move, which raise doubts about the external validity of causal inferences based on the Equality of Opportunity Project’s analysis of movers.