Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation
评估了生产者创新与用户个体创新、开放协作创新两种模式的经济可行性，分析了设计成本、架构和沟通成本，认为后两者正日益竞争并可能取代生产者创新，对创新研究、政策制定和实践有重要启示。
In this paper, we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single-user individuals or firms and open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs and architectures and communication costs associated with each model. We conclude that both innovation by individual users and open collaborative innovation increasingly compete with and may displace producer innovation in many parts of the economy. We explain why this represents a paradigm shift with respect to innovation research, policy making, and practice. We discuss important implications and offer suggestions for further research.