Grandfathers Matter(ed): Occupational Mobility Across Three Generations in the US and Britain, 1850–1911
利用1850-1910年英美三代人数据，发现祖父的职业对孙辈有显著影响，仅用父子两代会高估社会流动性。
Nearly all intergenerational mobility studies focus on fathers and sons. The possibility that the process is more than simply two‐generational (AR(1)) has been difficult to assess because of the lack of the necessary multi‐generational data. We remedy this shortcoming with new data that links grandfathers, fathers and sons in Britain and the US between 1850 and 1910. We find that grandfathers mattered: even controlling for father's occupation, grandfather's occupation significantly influenced the occupation of the grandson. For both Britain and the US in this time period, therefore, assessments based on two‐generation estimates significantly overstate the true amount of social mobility.