The health effects of smoking bans: Evidence from German hospitalization data
利用德国各州分阶段实施禁烟令的政策差异，结合2000-2008年全部住院数据，发现酒吧和餐厅禁烟令显著降低了心血管疾病和哮喘的住院率，且效果在晴天和污染较重时更明显。
This paper studies the short-term impact of public smoking bans on hospitalizations in Germany. It exploits the staggered implementation of smoking bans over time and across the 16 federal states along with the universe of hospitalizations from 2000 to 2008 and daily county-level weather and pollution data. Smoking bans in bars and restaurants have been effective in preventing 1.9 hospital admissions (-2.1%) due to cardiovascular diseases per day, per 1 million population. We also find a decrease by 0.5 admissions (-6.5%) due to asthma per day, per 1 million population. The health prevention effects are more pronounced on sunny days and days with higher ambient pollution levels.