Violence While in Utero: The Impact of Assaults during Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes
利用纽约市犯罪记录与出生数据，研究发现孕期遭受暴力攻击显著增加不良出生结局风险，每年美国社会成本超38亿美元，且可能加剧代际不平等。
Abstract We study the effects of prenatal exposure to violent crime on infant health, using New York City crime records linked to mothers' addresses in birth records data. We address endogeneity of assault exposure with three strategies and find that in utero assault exposure significantly increases the incidence of adverse birth outcomes. We calculate that the annual social cost of assault during pregnancy in the United States is more than $3.8 billion. Since infant health predicts long-term wellbeing and disadvantaged women are disproportionately likely to be domestic abuse victims, violence in utero may be an important channel for intergenerational transmission of inequality.